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architectural technique or construction technique It is the application of technology to design buildings. It is an amalgamation of architecture and building engineering, and is sometimes viewed as a distinct field or sub-category. New materials and technologies have introduced new challenges in design and construction methods throughout the development of the building, and especially since the advent of industrialization in the nineteenth century. Architectural technology relates to the different elements of a building and their interactions, and is closely aligned with advances in building science.

Architectural technology can be summarized as “the technical design and expertise used in the application and integration of building technologies in the building design process.”^[1] or “the ability to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate building design factors in order to produce efficient and effective design technical solutions that meet performance, production, and purchasing criteria.”^[2]

History[عدل]

Many specialists and professionals consider the theories of Vitruvius as the basis of architectural technology. Vitruvius’s attempt to categorize building types, methods, materials, and construction methods influenced him^[3] On the establishment of many disciplines such as civil engineering, structural engineering, architectural technology and other practices that now and since the nineteenth century form a conceptual framework for architectural design.

Stephen Emmitt explains in his published research that in our modern society, “the relationship between building technology and design can be traced back to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, a period when advances in technology and science were seen as the way forward, and eras of firm belief in progress… With the multiplication of technologies in terms of number and complexity, the construction profession began to fragment.^[4]

Practicing architectural techniques[عدل]

Architectural technology is the field that includes architecture, building science and engineering. It is practiced by structural engineers, architects, structural engineers and others who develop a design/concept into a buildable reality. Specialized manufacturers that develop products for use in building construction are also involved in this field.

Paul Nuttall (Director at ARUP) compares the role of the structural engineer to that of the architect and architectural technologist. The practice of architectural technology cannot be limited to the technology itself; It is also related to the space, the building, the lighting, and the environment that the design creates and that serves the design. The professional responsible for the technical design leads the specialized engineers to provide the best technical and engineering solutions for the project.^[5]

In practice, architectural technology is developed, understood and integrated into the building through the production of architectural drawings and schedules. Computer technology is now used for all but simple construction: in the 20th century the use of computer-aided design became prevalent, allowing for highly accurate drawings that could be shared electronically, so that, for example, architectural plans could be used as the basis for designing air and electricity handling services. As the design evolves, this information can be shared with the entire design team. This process is currently being taken to a logical conclusion with the widespread use of Building Information Modeling (BIM).^[6] which uses a 3D model of the building, created with input from all disciplines to build an integrated design.

Architectural technology is derived from practical constraints and building codes, as well as standards related to safety, environmental performance, fire resistance, etc.

Building materials[عدل]

Until the 20th century, the materials used in construction were limited to brick, stone, timber and steel to form the structures, slabs and tiles to cover the roof, and lead and sometimes copper for waterproofing details and decorative roofing effects. The Romans used concrete, but it was almost unknown as a building material until the invention of reinforced concrete in 1849.^[7] Modern construction is much more complex, with walls, floors and roofs all built from many elements to include structure, insulation and waterproofing which often include the use of separate layers or elements.

See also[عدل]

• Building
• Building materials
• Computer aided design
• technology
• Structural Engineer
• Project management
• environmental technology
• applied engineering
• Building Code
• Architectural Engineering
• architectural design values
• Building
• Architect

the reviewer[عدل]

• Technology portal
• Building portal
• Engineering portal

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