verb A word denoting an event associated with time.^[1] Its divisions are three: a past tense, a present tense, and an imperative verb.

If we say: understand the student. The traveler traveled. The absentee returned. For each of the words: “understanding” “traveled” “returned” denotes by itself, without the need for another word, two things:

• The first: The mental meaning that the word suggests, which is: understanding, traveling, or returning, and this is called the event.
• Second: The time in which that event took place, and here the event ended before that word was uttered, so it is a time that has passed and passed before the news of it was reported.

If we change the form of those words, and say: “he understands,” “he travels,” “he returns,” then the indication is the same two things together, except that time has not passed and has not passed, rather it is a time that bears the present, or the reception.

If we change the formula again, and we say: “understand,” “travel,” “return,” the words denote the same two things as well, the event and the time, but the time here is: the future only, as the request cannot be fulfilled except after the request has ended.

Verb definition[عدل]

verb In language: event. Sibawayh defined the verb in his book, The Book, and he said: “As for the verb, they are examples taken from the pronunciation of the events of the names, and built for what has passed, what is and did not happen, and what is an uninterrupted object.”

Mahmoud Muhammad Shaker, commenting on the definition of Sibawayh, says: We do not know anyone who came in the meaning of this speech with something equivalent or close to it, and he also does not fall into the illusion that this is possible. Don’t you see that what was meant by their saying: “And action is divided into parts of time, past, present and future”, and the weakness of this aspect and its shortcomings is not hidden. This is clarified by the following. When Sibawayh defined the verb in the beginning of his book, he did not want its examples that we have: the past tense towards “go,” the present tense towards “go,” and the imperative towards “go.” Rather, he wanted to explain the tenses that are associated with these examples, how are they? In Lisan al-Arab, he made it three tenses:

past tense[عدل]

first time: It is associated with the past verb, which indicates an action that occurred before the time of telling about it, such as when you say: “The man has gone.” However, the verb that is similar to the past also comes out of it, but it does not indicate that the event occurred in the past, such as when you say in supplication: “May God forgive you.” It enters into the second tense, as will be seen

Second[عدل]

The second time: It is what Sibawayh expressed by saying after that: “And what will be and did not happen.” And that is when you say a command: “Get out.” It is associated with a vague, absolute, suspended tense that does not indicate the present or the future, because it did not occur after the exit, but it is present when the exit is effective from commanded. The same is the prohibition when you say a prohibition: “Do not go out.” It is also in a vague, absolute, suspended tense, and if it is on the example of the present tense, then the indication of the present and the future has been robbed because it did not occur, but it is present with the abstention of the one who was forbidden to go out. It is also likewise in the present tense in our saying: “The murderer of the soul shall be killed, and the married adulterer shall be stoned, and God forgives the repentant.” These are examples of the present tense, but they do not indicate the present or the future, rather they are news of judgments that did not occur at the time of their announcement, as they are also in an absolute vague time. Suspended, and it is an object when murder, adultery, or repentance occurs. Also included in this tense is our saying in supplication: “May God forgive you, or may God have mercy on a person who knows his own destiny.” Although it is similar to the past, we do not want to tell of past forgiveness from God, Glory be to Him, or mercy that preceded from Him, but we want forgiveness from God will be, and mercy will happen later. Forgiveness and mercy did not happen then, but we pray that this will happen.

Third[عدل]

Third time: It is what Sibaweh expressed by saying: “And what is an object that does not stop.” It is news about an event that is happening when you tell it, like you say: “Muhammad beats his son,” because it is news about an object being beaten when you were told immediately, and the beating did not stop after the situation went to the reception. An example of the past tense is also attached to this third tense: “The earth turned around, or we would have drowned, but God had mercy on us. Because it is one of the attributes of God Almighty.

Thus, we discover that the definition of Sibawayh included the time that was neglected by the rest of the definitions of the rest of the grammarians, which is the vague, absolute, suspended time indicated by the phrase Sibawayh in its clever and accurate formulation.

It should be noted that in the Arabic language there are other types and divisions of the verb, according to the connotation of the meaning without the time, such as verbs of approach such as “almost, almost”, and verbs of initiation such as “he initiated, established, agreed, took”, and verbs of hope such as: “may, be, manners.” There are imperfect verbs such as “was” and its sisters.

verb signs[عدل]

• It denotes an event that occurred at a specific time.^{[كتاب النحو الواضح لعلي الجارم 1]}

Past tense markers[عدل]

• may/have
• T animated actor
• The static feminization

signs of the present tense[عدل]

• seine
• Will
• did not
• L-emphasis
• What’s the ban

command verb signs[عدل]

• noun of affirmation
• J Address^[2]

Reference[عدل]

an act On sister projects:
	Pictures and audio from Commons. Lessons from Wikiversity.

• Arabic language portal
• Language portal
• Linguistics portal
• Arabic language science portal

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