porcelain^[1] Includes inorganic, non-metallic, and heat-formed materials.^[2][3][4] The most important ancient applications are clay materials, plaster works, pottery, bricks and bricks used in construction, not forgetting also glass and cement materials. All materials of clay, earthy or calcareous origin or nature are included in the ceramic materials. Differs porcelain About engineering ceramic materials, where porcelain is a traditional ceramic material.

Porcelain is an ornament made of inorganic, non-metallic materials, hard and brittle (after being placed with fire), very flexible in its natural state, with which many things are produced such as pottery vessels and decorative statues. It is also used in high temperature resistant coatings due to its chemical and physical properties and its high melting point. Usually the color of porcelain is white, it can be mixed with different materials and colored. Pottery usually consists of different materials: clay, feldspar, sand, iron oxide, alumina and quartz.
porcelain It is glazed and glazed clay. The history of ceramics dates back to the most ancient times. Nowadays, ceramics has become one of the plastic arts. As for the other name of this pottery (ceramic), which is an ancient Islamic art, and as for the Sanskrit language, its name is (Keramos). The art of ceramics is one of the oldest crafts and arts in the history of mankind, and it is not yet known where it began or when, but it is the result of need and coincidence together. Agriculture needed things in which to preserve grains, especially after the clay had dried, then he knew fire, and he straightened the shapes he made of clay to make them more solid and not collapse due to water and liquids, then he knew that sand melts due to fire and turns into glass, so the glass layer that blocks the pores in pottery pots and increases pottery Hardness and became two types of clay product porous pottery and porcelain coated with transparent glaze and sometimes colored and evolved from utilitarian tools to art and was also known as porcelain after glazing it with glazes and the name of ceramics is a Greek name taken from the word keramikos meaning pottery maker and the greatest thing produced in the arts of pottery and ceramics is what It was produced by the Islamic civilization due to the multiplicity of countries that this civilization included and the diversity of methods and techniques known to pottery makers under the Islamic Empire. They are also called thermosets or clay materials. The difference in naming is due to the jargon translation of the foreign word ceramics. These materials are metal oxides, and glass materials are a special case of ceramic materials.

types of ceramic materials[عدل]

The concept of ceramic materials covers a wide range of materials. Recently, it has been conventionally divided into two main parts: traditional ceramic materials and advanced ceramic materials. According to the scientific classification, ceramic materials are divided into:

• Structural materials: such as bricks and bricks
• Thermal insulation materials
• Porcelain: all kinds
• Technical materials: It has several names, including engineering ceramics, industrial ceramics, and advanced ceramics. These materials, in turn, are divided into:
  • Metal oxides: such as alumina and zirconia
  • Non-metallic oxides: carbides, nitrates, silicates and bore oxides
  • Composed material

Porcelain properties[عدل]

Thermal properties[عدل]

Its resistance to heat transfer (high thermal insulation), so porcelain is used in many thermal fields, especially as a heat insulator^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}.

Mechanical properties[عدل]

Weak under the influence of tensile strength, resist the impact of shear strength if present. Ceramic materials are classified as having covalent or ionic bonds and as having a crystal or gel structure. The mechanical properties are relatively weak compared to metals, for example^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}.

Electrical properties[عدل]

The electrical properties of these materials are increasingly important in applications that depend on the scale of atoms of the order of micro or nano (nanotechnology).

Chemical properties[عدل]

Its corrosion resistance is high^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}.

Porcelain manufacture[عدل]

Ceramic materials can be made in a variety of ways, some of which have been known since ancient civilizations. The concept of sintering is one of the general concepts when talking about production techniques. The natural objective is to produce, from the starting raw material, a solid-state product in the desired form, such as films (thin films), fibers, or single-crystal structures, and with the desired microstructure. According to the classification mentioned in Reference 1, the manufacturing techniques of ceramic materials are classified into:

• Reactions in the gas phase are divided into:
  • Chemical vapor deposition
  • Guided metal oxidation
  • Bonding or formation reactions
• Methods that adopt substances in the liquid state from which other substances are formed:
  • Sol-gel operations
  • Pyrolysis of polymeric materials
• Powder based manufacturing: based on melting processes inside a mold for raw materials

nanomaterials[عدل]

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the industry. The possibility of obtaining powdery materials with particles not exceeding the order of a micron in diameter has enabled the industrial world to develop new materials or structures that combine desired properties and performance required of them.

Other applications for ceramics[عدل]

• Mechanical cutting (working) tools used in turning, drilling and milling machines
• Astronaut clothing
• Insulating and lining the structure of aircraft and cars

Porcelain and its relationship to earthenware and porcelain[عدل]

porcelain[عدل]

It is a material that includes stone, porcelain, and some other materials in specific and specific proportions, which make it suitable for use as a substitute for marble tiles, so it is widely used in bathrooms and kitchens, and is suitable for installation in all home facilities.

Porcelain consists mainly of:

Kaolin: A plastic material that represents the largest percentage of ceramics, which may reach 60%. It is considered a plastic material.

Quartz or limestone: It is a solid material that gives hardness and durability and reaches about 40%.

Porcelain[عدل]

It is a type of tile prepared from mixing three main elements:

kaolin, quartz stone, feldspar,

It is distinguished from porcelain by the proportion of materials and some other properties

Photo Gallery[عدل]

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  Pottery industry in Hebron

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  Pottery in Hebron

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  Pottery in Hebron

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  Decorations on pottery

See also[عدل]

• Pottery
• thermal shock (properties of materials)
• stoneware

Resources[عدل]

On Commons, photos and files about: ceramics

external links[عدل]

• How is pottery made?

• Materials Science Portal
• Arts portal

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