Sexual reproduction (in English: Sexual reproductionIt is a process of reproduction that guarantees the genetic diversity of the offspring, in which a male gamete (sperm in mammals) unites with a female gamete (egg) with the aim of forming a zygote (fertilized egg) that grows to give birth to a new individual.^[1][2][3] The reproduction of most living organisms, including plants and animals, is characterized by sexual reproduction. The process of sexual reproduction includes two processes: meiosis or meiosis, in which half of the number of chromosomes are separated, resulting in the female’s egg being produced in the female, and the male’s egg coming from the male. In the fertilization process, the fusion of two gametes or the fusion of the female egg with the male egg takes place and the original number of chromosomes is restored.

basics[عدل]

Sexual reproduction is a superior method of reproduction of organisms. They work to produce offspring adapted to withstand environmental changes. Some scientists also believe that it is a natural way for the evolution of organisms and the multiplicity of species.

The figure shows the cycle of cell division, fusion (fertilization), and completion during the process of sexual reproduction that takes place in plants, animals, and humans. Living things are made up of cells, each of which contains a nucleus. Each nucleus contains chromosomes, and chromosomes are always present in double numbers. During reproduction, half of the number of chromosomes separates from (2n) to (n), and the cell divides into two cells. This process is called meiosis and each cell contains a haploid number (n) of chromosomes. During the fertilization process, a female cell with half the number of chromosomes fuses with another cell from the male with half the number of chromosomes as well, thus completing the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of the resulting cell. . And only the fertilized cell is capable of life (meaning that there are other cells that are not fertilized, so they die, and an example of that is the egg in a person, when it is not fertilized, it descends with menstruation).

How to determine the gender[عدل]

Some species have sex cells of two types: male cells and female cells, such as snakes, earthworms, and most plants. However, in most mammals and humans, the male body specializes in producing sperm and the female body produces the egg. The gender of the fetus or newborn is determined by the chromosomes collected in the fertilized egg inherited from the male and female.

The gender of the fetus is determined by the chromosomes inherited from the parents. In humans, there are two dedicated chromosomes that determine the sex of the baby and are called sex chromosomes In some animals, the sex of the baby is determined by the number of chromosomes it carries. And since the determination of sex in humans arises from the XY sex chromosomes, the probability of having a male or female baby is 1:1.

Humans and mammals are distinguished by the presence of two XY chromosomes in the nucleus of their cells: the Y chromosome carries genes involved in male development. And the lack of a Y chromosome means the origin of the female. Thus, mammals with XX chromosomes are female, while those with XY sex chromosomes are male. We find this type of sex determination in other organisms, such as fruit flies, as well as in some plants. In some species, including the fruit fly, the sex of the offspring is determined by the number of X chromosomes, not by the presence of the Y chromosome.

the plants[عدل]

flowering plants It is the main group within the land plants and forms an independent division of plants called the phylum Pictosperms. This group makes up one of two groups found in seed plants, the other being the gymnosperms. Seed plants form their seeds within a true fruit. Hence, they carry the reproductive organs in the flower. The pistil contains the ovule, which in turn will give rise to the fruit after pollination has taken place and one of the pollen grains has fused with it.

If the cell in a plant contains (2n) chromosomes:

• The egg contains (n) chromosomes.
• One grain of pollen contains n number of chromosomes.

Upon fertilization, the reproductive contents of the ovum and pollen fuse, and the formed cell becomes complete with a number (2n) of chromosomes (chromosomes), and is then called a fertilized cell.

Fertigation is of two types:

• Self-fertilization occurs in a flower, i.e. the ovule acquires a grain of pollen from the same flower, or from another flower on the same plant.
• Cross fertilization in which an egg is fertilized with a grain of pollen from another plant of the same species. Pollen is transported from flower to flower either by the wind or by bees, as pollen attaches to the body of the bee when it travels from one flower to another.

See also[عدل]

• reproduction
• reptiles
• sexual organs
• Natriya Reddy
• internal fertilization
• List of human genes
• Sex drive and hormones

Reference[عدل]

On Commons, photos and files on: sexual reproduction

• Biology portal
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• Zoology portal
• Evolutionary Biology Portal
• Science portal

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