lexicon “Each list collects words in a specific language, according to a specific logical pattern, and aims to link each word with its meaning, and clarify its relationship to its meaning.”^[1]

Terminology and rooting[عدل]

(The lexicon and its plural are dictionaries and dictionaries, or dictionaries), which is a noun derived from the verb (non-Arabic), that is, remove the Arabic language. Ibn Jinni said: (I read the book: I removed its language). The lexicon is a book that includes a large number of vocabulary of the language arranged in a certain order, coupled with a way of pronouncing it, explaining it, and interpreting its meanings.^[2]

One of the common mistakes among people is that they use the word “dictionary” as synonymous with the word dictionary, and the meaning of dictionary in the language is the Great Sea, not the dictionary. The reason for this designation came from the name of the most famous Arabic dictionary, which is the surrounding dictionary of its author, Al-Fayrouzabadi. Some people, due to the popularity of the surrounding dictionary, called every dictionary a dictionary. This is wrong. The term dictionary is nowadays more common for books in which words are translated from one language into another. This is also wrong. The right thing to do is to use the word dictionary for all types of dictionaries, and to keep the word dictionary as a proper name for a specific dictionary, which Al-Fayrouzabadi wrote exclusively.

brief history[عدل]

Lexical authorship (which is writing dictionaries books) is as old as human civilizations. Former nations with ancient civilizations laid the first foundations for dictionaries in the form of a classification of letters whose traces were found in some libraries of the world.

• Babylonians and AssyriansThey knew this type of authorship in the fifth century BC, when ceramic tablets containing vertical cylinders were found in the Assyrian library in the town of Nyanikia, which include interpretations of the Assyrian and Babylonian languages, which is the same basic function of modern dictionaries.
• Greeks and RomansThey knew the authorship of dictionaries in the third century BC, and among the most famous Greek personalities who had a contribution to the development of primary dictionaries are:
  • Aristotle Vance of Byzantium: (d. 180 BC), where he was the custodian of the Library of Alexandria and made a list of strange and difficult Greek words and interpreted them and determined their meanings.
  • Pamcleos of Alexandria: (d. 6 AD) He wrote a dictionary in 96 books that included all the dictionaries that preceded him.
  • Elios Densius(d. 120 AD) A thousand dictionaries of Athenian words (pertaining to the people of Athens) in ten books. The Greeks are the fathers of modern Western dictionaries.
• Chinese They composed many dictionaries, some of which are arranged according to meaning and what is arranged according to the written symbol of the word. They did not know the arrangement according to the pronunciation until the sixth century AD, and the first Chinese dictionary arranged according to the pronunciation was a dictionary hovine Which was written between the years (581-601 AD).
• Indians Their dictionaries were concerned with explaining the words of their religious texts and poems. One of the oldest Hindi dictionaries is a glossary amaracaka Its composition dates back to the fifth century AD.

The development of the Arabic lexicon[عدل]

I started an idea Lexicon Among the Arabs after the revelation of the Noble Qur’an, the entry of non-Arabs into Islam, and the intractability of some of the Qur’an’s vocabulary to many of them. Which necessitated a strange explanation of the Qur’an, hadith, and the language of the Arabs in general.

It was the first message lexical In the Holy Qur’an, it is attributed to Abdullah bin Al-Abbas (d. 68 AH / 678 ​​CE), in which he answered the questions of Nafeh bin Al-Azraq (d. 65 AH / 684 CE) and called Nafi bin Al-Azraq issues in the Qur’an.

Then came messages in this field, including:

• Strange Quran Abu Saeed Aban bin Taghlib, known as Al-Jariri (d. 141 AH / 758 AD).
• Strange interpretation of the Qur’an For Abu Abdullah Malik bin Anas bin Malik (d. 179 AH / 795 AD).

The Arabic dictionary[عدل]

appeared lexicons Arabic in its general and comprehensive sense of the vocabulary of the Arabic language in the second half of the second century AH, and the following are some lexicons Arabic and the method of tabulation and classification followed by the author of each dictionary:

Dictionaries types[عدل]

Dictionaries vary according to the diversity of their objectives and methods, and in terms of their material, according to generality and specificity…etc. The following is a list of the most important types of dictionaries:

Dictionaries by target[عدل]

By this, it means classifying dictionaries according to what the learner needs: there are those who search for the meaning of a specific word or know a suitable word for the meaning of what he wants, and in turn it is divided into three types:

• Etymological dictionaries like a lexicon correctness Andocean dictionary.
• meanings dictionaries like a lexicon custom to his master’s son.
• Building dictionaries like a lexicon Court of literature For my father Ibrahim Al-Farabi.

Dictionaries according to the curriculum[عدل]

Dictionaries differ according to the arrangement of their vocabulary, and there is more than one method for arranging vocabulary, and Arabic dictionaries have four main methods in arranging vocabulary, which are:

• Permutation phonetic dictionaries Where the vocabulary is arranged according to the exits of sounds, the vocabulary that contains the deepest sound is mentioned first, then the least deep, and so on. eye lexicon For Khalil bin Ahmed.
• Traditional Alphabetical Dictionaries Like the previous ones, but for each sound its letters are arranged alphabetically and not necessarily phonetically. If two letters are similar in sound, they are arranged alphabetically. An example of this type of dictionaries is a dictionary Crowds in Linguistics by Ibn Duraid
• Alphabetical dictionaries according to the last Called Rhyme dictionaries The vocabulary is arranged in alphabetical order, but starting from the last letter of the word, words that end with the letter hamza start with it. An example of this type is a dictionary Arabes Tong.
• Alphabetical dictionaries according to the first They are dictionaries that arrange their vocabulary alphabetically and according to the first letter of the word. Words that begin with the same letter are placed in a section that bears the same letter. Among the most famous dictionaries that follow this method is a dictionary. basis of rhetoric for Zamakhshari.

specialized dictionaries[عدل]

They are the dictionaries that direct their attention to a specific category of researchers, so they are limited to recording vocabulary that meets their special needs, such as medical, scientific, engineering, geographical and media dictionaries. Among the most important specialized dictionaries recently issued by the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo is the Dictionary of Fine Arts Terms. It is an encyclopedic dictionary, which includes more than two thousand terms, covering various fields of fine, plastic and visual arts. It was prepared by a group of linguists and specialists, among them: Farouk Shousha – Salah Fadl – Yasser Munji – Mahmoud Al-Rubaie – Hassanein Rabie – Hamasa Abdel Latif – Fatouh Ahmed

Dictionaries according to language unit and multiplicity[عدل]

These dictionaries, according to their name, are divided into two parts, due to the importance of their presence in the hands of researchers, namely:

• Monolingual Dictionaries They are dictionaries that are limited in their mission to preoccupation with the words of one specific language, and the meanings of these words, as is the case in all Arabic dictionaries, both ancient and modern.
• Multilingual dictionaries They are the dictionaries that include the vocabulary of a particular language and arrange them according to the approach followed in this language, then the equivalent in another language is mentioned. have a two Language Or in two languages ​​they are called Trilingualas in modern dictionaries, and one of the most famous examples of multilingual dictionaries is book the supplier.

The importance of dictionaries[عدل]

return importance lexicons That it carries many language expressions and their meanings, and this is what no person can surround, no matter how well-informed he is, just as the vocabulary of the language differs among its children according to their culture, there are words that are used in general and daily, and there are literary words and specialized words, as well as friction and overlap With other languages, under any circumstances, new vocabulary is born that was not in the origin of the language, and there is almost certainty that there is no living language now that has not borrowed vocabulary from other languages.

So there had to be lexicons In order to arrange and classify the vocabulary of the language and explain its meanings in an easy and accessible manner for the people of the language itself, and from here we can say that the task of lexicons It falls within the provision of three information about any individual or word, and this information is:

• Pronunciation and spelling So that it is known that not everything written is spoken, so it was on lexicons The task of providing information about what is written and not spoken, and to clarify any error in pronouncing a word.
• morphological selection where it stands Lexicon Determining the type of word: noun, verb, adjective… and the masculine and feminine of it, and clarifying its transgression, its necessity, its derivational forms, and other morphological matters.
• the explanation It is the statement of the meaning of the word and is the primary function of any dictionaryOne word can have more than one meaning, so this is explained with actual examples, or at least with reference to its field of use.

Arabic and Persian dictionaries

See also[عدل]

• Dictionary
• Linguistic coding structure

Reference[عدل]

• The International Arab Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Business Foundation for Publishing and Distribution.
• Linguistics and lexicography, Ali Al Qasimi.
• Biography of the Flags of the Nobles, by Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi.

external links[عدل]

• Research: Translation and meanings of words by Muhammad Hassan Yusuf
• Comprehensive site for a number of dictionaries
• An electronic copy of the intermediate dictionary for download
• A dictionary of spoken dialects. Suleiman bin Nasser Al-Drosoni
• Lisan Qahtan Lexicon. Suleiman bin Nasser Al-Drosoni

• Books portal
• Language portal